Hydrogen economy: From upstream (production) to downstream (application)

Abstract

The escalating energy demands of emerging economies, coupled with growing environmental concerns, have spurred a global shift toward renewable and clean energy sources. Central to this transition is hydrogen (H2) energy, emerging as a pivotal clean energy carrier for the new century. Characterized by its high energy density, substantial energy content, and high gravimetric density, H2 stands out for its relatively clean production methods. Crucially, H2 energy is anticipated to play a transformative role in energy storage, positioning it as a key player in achieving net-zero carbon dioxide emissions, a vital response to the pressing global climate crisis. However, the widespread adoption of H2 energy systems is currently hindered by their high cost. Therefore, effective governance of the H2 economy is essential to facilitate the utilization of H2-based energy systems. This book chapter meticulously explores the H2 economy, providing a wide examination from its upstream production to downstream applications. These applications allow for a comprehensive understanding of the H2 value chain, from its production methods to different applications in various sectors. This also helps identify challenges and opportunities at each stage of the H2 economy. Because transition to a H2 economy depends on overcoming these challenges and promoting the widespread adoption of H2 in various sectors. © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.